Democratic Republic Of Georgia
{{Infobox Former Country|native_name = საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა|conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of Georgia|common_name = Georgia|continent = Europe|region = Caucasus|country = Georgia|status =|government_type = Republic|era = Interwar period|year_start = 1918|year_end = 1921|date_start = May 26|date_end = 25 February|event_start =|event_end = Soviet annexation|p1 = Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic|flag_p1 = Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg|s1 = Transcaucasian SFSR|flag_s1 = Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR.svg|image_coat = Georgia COA 1918-1921.jpg|image_flag = Flag of Georgia (1990-2004).svg|flag = Flag of Georgia (country)|image_map = DRGMap.png|image_map_caption = Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920.|national_motto =|national_anthem = Dideba zetsit kurtheuls
("Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings")||capital = Tbilisi|latd=41|latm=43|latNS=N|longd=44|longm=47|longEW=E||common_languages = Georgian language|religion = Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church|currency = Georgian maneti|deputy1 = Noe Ramishvili|year_deputy1 = 1918|deputy2 = Noe Zhordania|year_deputy2 = 1918-1921||stat_pop1 = c. 2500000|stat_year1 = 1919||event1 = [Red Army invasion of Georgia|date_event1 = 11 February, 1921-->The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; Georgian language: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika), 1918–1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia (country).
The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its established borders were with Russia and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in the north, Ottoman Empire, Democratic Republic of Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the south. It had a total land area of roughly 107,600 km² (by comparison, the total area of today's Georgia (country) is 69,700 km²), and a population of 2.5 million.
Georgia's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian language. Proclaimed on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Social Democracy Menshevik party. Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was unable to withstand the invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Army, and collapsed between February and March of 1921 to become a Georgian SSR.
Background After the February Revolution of 1917 and collapse of the Tsarist administration in the Caucasus, most power was held by the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom, short for Osobyi Zakavkazskii Komitet) of the Russian Provisional Government, 1917. All of the Soviets in Georgia were firmly controlled by the Mensheviks, who followed the lead of the Petrograd Soviet and supported the Provisional Government. The Bolshevism October Revolution changed the situation drastically. The Caucasian soviets refused to recognize Lenin's regime. Threats from the increasingly Bolshevistic deserting soldiers of the former Caucasus army, ethnic clashes and anarchy in the region forced the Georgian, Democratic Republic of Armenian and Azerbaijani politicians to create a unified regional authority known as the Transcaucasian Commissariat (November 14, 1917) and later a legislature, the Sejm (January 23, 1918). On April 22 1918, the Sejm declared the Transcaucasus an independent Transcaucasian Federation.
Many Georgians, influenced by the ideas of Ilia Chavchavadze and other intellectuals from the late 19th century, insisted on national independence. A cultural national awakening was further strengthened by the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church (12 March 1917) and establishment of a national Tbilisi State University (1918). In contrast, the Georgian Mensheviks regarded the independence from Russia as a temporary step against the Bolshevik revolution and considered the calls for Georgia's independence chauvinistic and separatist. The union of Transcaucasus was short-lived though. Undermined by increasing internal tensions and the pressure from the Germany and Ottoman Empire empires, the Federation collapsed on May 26 1918 when Georgia declared independence followed by Armenia and Azerbaijan within the next two days.
History
Georgia was immediately recognized by Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The young state had to place itself under Treaty of Poti and to cede its largely Muslim-inhabited regions (including the cities of Batum, Ardahan Province, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki) to the Ottoman government (Treaty of Batum, June 4). However, German support enabled the Georgians to repel the Bolshevik threats from Abkhazia. The German Caucasus Expedition were almost certainly under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein. The British-held Batum remained, however, out of Georgia's control until 1920. On December 25 1918, a British force was deployed also in Tbilisi.
Georgia's relations with the neighbours were uneasy. Territorial disputes with Armenia, Denikin's White movement government and Azerbaijan led to armed conflicts in the first two cases. A British military mission attempted to mediate these conflicts in order to consolidate all anti-Bolshevik forces in the region.
On February 14 1919, Georgia held parliamentary elections won by the Social Democrats with 81.5% of the votes. On March 21, Noe Zhordania formed a new government, thus consolidating much power in the hanimes, leading to armed peasants' revolts excited by the local Bolshevik activists and largely supported from Russia, and becoming more troublesome when carried out by ethnic minorities such as Abkhazians and South Ossetians.
However, the land reform was finally well handled by the Menshevik government and the country established a multi-party system in sharp contrast with the "dictatorship of the proletariat" established by the Bolsheviks in Russia. In 1919, the reforms in judicial system and local self-governance were carried out. Abkhazia was granted autonomy. Yet, ethnic issues continued to trouble the country, especially Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920) as in May 1920. Some contemporaries observed also increasing nationalism among the Mensheviks.
The year 1920 was marked by increased threats from the Russian SFSR. With the defeat of the White movement and the Red Armies' advance toward the Caucasus frontiers, the situation around the DRG became extremely tense. In January, the Soviet leadership offered Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to form an alliance against the White armies in South Russia and the Caucasus. The Government of the DRG refused to enter any military alliance, referring to its policy of neutrality and noninterference, but suggested to start negotiations on political settlement of the relations between two countries in the hope that this would apparently lead to the recognition of Georgia's independence by Moscow. Severe criticism of the Georgian refusal by the Russian leaders was followed by several attempts of local Communists to organize mass anti-governmental protests, which ended unsuccessfully. visit Tbilisi, 1920
In April 1920, the 11th Red Army established a Soviet regime in Azerbaijan, and the Georgian Bolshevik Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze requested from Moscow permission to advance into Georgia. Though official consent was not given by Lenin and Council of Ministers of the USSR, local Bolsheviks attempted to seize the Military School of Tbilisi as a preliminary to a coup d'état on May 3, 1920, but were successfully repulsed by General Giorgi Kvinitadze. Georgian government began mobilization and appointed Kvinitadze as commander-in-chief. In the meantime, in response to Georgia's alleged assistance to the Azeri nationalist rebellion in Ganja (city), Soviet forces attempted to penetrate Georgian territory, but were repelled by Kvinitadze in brief border clashes at the Red Bridge. In a few days, peace talks were resumed in Moscow. By the controversial Treaty of Moscow (1920) of May 7, Georgian independence was recognized in return for the legalization of Bolshevik organizations and a commitment not to allow foreign troops on Georgian soil.
Refused entry into the League of Nations, Georgia gained de jure recognition from the Allies on 27 January 1921. This, however, did not prevent the country from being attacked by Soviet Russia a month later.
After Azerbaijan and Armenia had been Sovietization by the Red Army, Georgia found itself surrounded by hostile Soviet republics. In addition, as the British had already evacuated the Caucasus, the country was left without any foreign support.
According to Soviet sources, relations with Georgia deteriorated over alleged violations of the peace treaty, re-arrests of Georgian Bolsheviks, obstructiveness to the passage of convoys passing through to Armenia, and a strong suspicion that Georgia was aiding armed rebels in the North Caucasus. On the other hand, Georgia accused Moscow of fomenting anti-governmental riots in various regions of the country, and of provoking border incidents in Zaqatala (rayon), disputed with the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Lorri “neutral zone” was another challenge as Soviet Armenia categorically demanded that Georgia withdraw its troops stationed in the region since the fall of the Armenian Republic.
Government and law The Act of Independence of Georgia declared on May 26 1918, in brief, outlined the main principles of the nation's future democracy. In accordance with it, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits, political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The first government formed the same day was led by Noe Ramishvili. In October 1918, the National Council of Georgia was renamed into Parliament which prepared new elections held on February 14 1919., the Menshevik leader and the second Head of the Government of the DRG
During its two-year history (1919–1921), the newly elected Constituent Assembly adopted 126 laws. Notably, the laws on citizenship, local elections, the country's defence, official language, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities (including an act about the People's Council of Abkhazia), a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc. On February 21, 1921, facing the onset of Soviet aggression, the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the first modern fundamental law in the nation's history.
Chairman of the Government was the chief executive post approved by the parliament for one-year terms of office (the post could not be held more than two times running). The chairman assigned ministers, and was responsible for governing the country and represented Georgia in foreign relations. The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile continued to be recognized by Europe as the only legal government of Georgia for some time.
Political geography
Georgia's 1918–1921 borders were formed through the border conflicts with its neighbours and ensuing treaties and conventions.
In the north, Georgia was bordered by various Russian Civil War polities until the Bolshevik power was established in North Caucasus in the spring of 1920. The international border between Soviet Russia and Georgia was regulated by the 1920 Moscow Treaty. During the Sochi conflict with the Russian White movement, Georgia briefly controlled the Sochi district (1918).
In the southwest, the DRG's border with Ottoman Empire changed with the course of the World War I and was modified after the Ottoman defeat in the hostilities. Georgia regained control over Artvin, Ardahan, part of Batum province, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki. Batum was finally incorporated into the republic after the British evacuated the area in 1920. The Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 granted Georgia control over eastern Lazistan including Rize and Hopa. However, the Georgian government, unwilling to be involved in a new war with Turkish Revolutionaries, did nothing to take control of these areas.
The border disputes with Democratic Republic of Armenia over a part of Borchalu district led to a brief war between the two countries in December 1918, see: Georgian-Armenian War 1918. With the British intervention the Lorri “neutral zone” was created only to be reoccupied by Georgia after the fall of the Armenian republic at the end of 1920.
In the southeast, Georgia was bordered by Azerbaijan which claimed the control of Zaqatala district. The dispute, however, never led to hostilities and the relations between the two countries were generally peaceful until the Sovietization of Azerbaijan.
The 1919 projects and 1921 constitution of Georgia granted Abkhazia, Ajaria and Zaqatala a degree of autonomy.
The Soviet occupation of the DRG led to significant territorial rearrangements by which Georgia lost almost 1/3 of its territories. Artvin, Ardahan and part of Batumi provinces were ceded to Turkey; Armenia gained control of Lorri, and Azerbaijan obtained Zaqatala district. A portion of the Georgian marches along the Greater Caucasus Mountains was taken by Russia.
Military
The People's Guard was the privileged military force in the country. Founded on September 5 1917 as the Worker's Guard it was later renamed into the Red Guard, and finally into the People's Guard. It was a highly politicized military structure placed directly under the control of the Parliament rather than the Ministry of War. Throughout its existence (1917–1921), the Guard was commanded by the Menshevik activist Valiko Jugheli.
The DRG formed also its own regular army. Only a part of them were armed in peacetime, the majority being on furlough and following their callings. If the Republic had been in danger, they would have been called up by the General Staff, supplied with arms, and allotted to their places. Although Georgia had almost 200,000 veterans of World War I with skilled generals and officers, the government failed to build up an effective defense system, a factor that greatly contributed to the fall of the first Georgian republic.
Economy Agriculture was a mainstay of the local economy of Georgia, a typical agrarian country with long wine-making traditions. Land reform well managed by the government contributed to a degree of stability in this field.
The manganese industry at Chiatura had very great importance in the field of European metallurgy, providing about 70% of the manganese supply of the world early in the 20th century. Traditionally, Georgia served also as an international transportation corridor through the key Black Sea ports of Batumi and Poti.
However, the lack of international recognition and the government's not completely successful policy in the field hindered the economic development of the DRG and the country suffered an economic crisis. Some signs of improvement were observed towards 1920–1921.
Education, science and culture
The most important event in the country's cultural life during this turbulent period was indeed the foundation of a national university in Tbilisi (now known as the Tbilisi State University) (1918), a long-time dream of Georgians thwarted by the Imperial Russian authorities for several decades. Other educational centers included gymnasium (school)s in Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi, Ozurgeti, Poti and Gori, Tbilisi Military School, Gori Pedagogical Seminary, the Pedagogical Seminary for Women, etc. Georgia had also a number of schools for ethnic minorities.
The National Museum of Georgia, theaters in Tbilisi and Kutaisi, Tbilisi National Opera House, the National Academy of Art were in the vanguard of cultural life.
The newspapers — Sakartvelos Respublika (“Republic of Georgia”), Sakartvelo (“Georgia”), Ertoba (“Unity”), Samshoblo (“Motherland”), Sakhalkho Sakme (“Public Affair”), The Georgian Messenger and The Georgian Mail (both published in English language) — led the national press.
Legacy The 1918–1921 independence of Georgia (country), though short-lived, was of particular importance for the development of national feeling among the Georgians, a major factor that made the country one of the most active independent forces within the Soviet Union. Leaders of the national movement of the late 1980s frequently referred to the DRG as a victory in the struggle against the Russian Empire and made parallels with the contemporary political situation creating somewhat an idealized image of the Georgian First Republic.
On April 9 1991 the independence of Georgia (country) was restored when the Act of the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. The national symbols used by the DRG were reestablished as those of the newly independent nation and were in use until 2004. May 26, the day of the establishment of the DRG, is still celebrated as a Public holidays in Georgia — the Independence Day of Georgia.
References
See also
External links
("Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings")||capital = Tbilisi|latd=41|latm=43|latNS=N|longd=44|longm=47|longEW=E||common_languages = Georgian language|religion = Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church|currency = Georgian maneti|deputy1 = Noe Ramishvili|year_deputy1 = 1918|deputy2 = Noe Zhordania|year_deputy2 = 1918-1921||stat_pop1 = c. 2500000|stat_year1 = 1919||event1 = [Red Army invasion of Georgia|date_event1 = 11 February, 1921-->The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; Georgian language: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika), 1918–1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia (country).
The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its established borders were with Russia and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in the north, Ottoman Empire, Democratic Republic of Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the south. It had a total land area of roughly 107,600 km² (by comparison, the total area of today's Georgia (country) is 69,700 km²), and a population of 2.5 million.
Georgia's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian language. Proclaimed on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Social Democracy Menshevik party. Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was unable to withstand the invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Army, and collapsed between February and March of 1921 to become a Georgian SSR.
Background After the February Revolution of 1917 and collapse of the Tsarist administration in the Caucasus, most power was held by the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom, short for Osobyi Zakavkazskii Komitet) of the Russian Provisional Government, 1917. All of the Soviets in Georgia were firmly controlled by the Mensheviks, who followed the lead of the Petrograd Soviet and supported the Provisional Government. The Bolshevism October Revolution changed the situation drastically. The Caucasian soviets refused to recognize Lenin's regime. Threats from the increasingly Bolshevistic deserting soldiers of the former Caucasus army, ethnic clashes and anarchy in the region forced the Georgian, Democratic Republic of Armenian and Azerbaijani politicians to create a unified regional authority known as the Transcaucasian Commissariat (November 14, 1917) and later a legislature, the Sejm (January 23, 1918). On April 22 1918, the Sejm declared the Transcaucasus an independent Transcaucasian Federation.
Many Georgians, influenced by the ideas of Ilia Chavchavadze and other intellectuals from the late 19th century, insisted on national independence. A cultural national awakening was further strengthened by the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church (12 March 1917) and establishment of a national Tbilisi State University (1918). In contrast, the Georgian Mensheviks regarded the independence from Russia as a temporary step against the Bolshevik revolution and considered the calls for Georgia's independence chauvinistic and separatist. The union of Transcaucasus was short-lived though. Undermined by increasing internal tensions and the pressure from the Germany and Ottoman Empire empires, the Federation collapsed on May 26 1918 when Georgia declared independence followed by Armenia and Azerbaijan within the next two days.
History
Georgia was immediately recognized by Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The young state had to place itself under Treaty of Poti and to cede its largely Muslim-inhabited regions (including the cities of Batum, Ardahan Province, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki) to the Ottoman government (Treaty of Batum, June 4). However, German support enabled the Georgians to repel the Bolshevik threats from Abkhazia. The German Caucasus Expedition were almost certainly under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein. The British-held Batum remained, however, out of Georgia's control until 1920. On December 25 1918, a British force was deployed also in Tbilisi.
Georgia's relations with the neighbours were uneasy. Territorial disputes with Armenia, Denikin's White movement government and Azerbaijan led to armed conflicts in the first two cases. A British military mission attempted to mediate these conflicts in order to consolidate all anti-Bolshevik forces in the region.
On February 14 1919, Georgia held parliamentary elections won by the Social Democrats with 81.5% of the votes. On March 21, Noe Zhordania formed a new government, thus consolidating much power in the hanimes, leading to armed peasants' revolts excited by the local Bolshevik activists and largely supported from Russia, and becoming more troublesome when carried out by ethnic minorities such as Abkhazians and South Ossetians.
However, the land reform was finally well handled by the Menshevik government and the country established a multi-party system in sharp contrast with the "dictatorship of the proletariat" established by the Bolsheviks in Russia. In 1919, the reforms in judicial system and local self-governance were carried out. Abkhazia was granted autonomy. Yet, ethnic issues continued to trouble the country, especially Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920) as in May 1920. Some contemporaries observed also increasing nationalism among the Mensheviks.
The year 1920 was marked by increased threats from the Russian SFSR. With the defeat of the White movement and the Red Armies' advance toward the Caucasus frontiers, the situation around the DRG became extremely tense. In January, the Soviet leadership offered Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to form an alliance against the White armies in South Russia and the Caucasus. The Government of the DRG refused to enter any military alliance, referring to its policy of neutrality and noninterference, but suggested to start negotiations on political settlement of the relations between two countries in the hope that this would apparently lead to the recognition of Georgia's independence by Moscow. Severe criticism of the Georgian refusal by the Russian leaders was followed by several attempts of local Communists to organize mass anti-governmental protests, which ended unsuccessfully. visit Tbilisi, 1920
In April 1920, the 11th Red Army established a Soviet regime in Azerbaijan, and the Georgian Bolshevik Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze requested from Moscow permission to advance into Georgia. Though official consent was not given by Lenin and Council of Ministers of the USSR, local Bolsheviks attempted to seize the Military School of Tbilisi as a preliminary to a coup d'état on May 3, 1920, but were successfully repulsed by General Giorgi Kvinitadze. Georgian government began mobilization and appointed Kvinitadze as commander-in-chief. In the meantime, in response to Georgia's alleged assistance to the Azeri nationalist rebellion in Ganja (city), Soviet forces attempted to penetrate Georgian territory, but were repelled by Kvinitadze in brief border clashes at the Red Bridge. In a few days, peace talks were resumed in Moscow. By the controversial Treaty of Moscow (1920) of May 7, Georgian independence was recognized in return for the legalization of Bolshevik organizations and a commitment not to allow foreign troops on Georgian soil.
Refused entry into the League of Nations, Georgia gained de jure recognition from the Allies on 27 January 1921. This, however, did not prevent the country from being attacked by Soviet Russia a month later.
After Azerbaijan and Armenia had been Sovietization by the Red Army, Georgia found itself surrounded by hostile Soviet republics. In addition, as the British had already evacuated the Caucasus, the country was left without any foreign support.
According to Soviet sources, relations with Georgia deteriorated over alleged violations of the peace treaty, re-arrests of Georgian Bolsheviks, obstructiveness to the passage of convoys passing through to Armenia, and a strong suspicion that Georgia was aiding armed rebels in the North Caucasus. On the other hand, Georgia accused Moscow of fomenting anti-governmental riots in various regions of the country, and of provoking border incidents in Zaqatala (rayon), disputed with the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Lorri “neutral zone” was another challenge as Soviet Armenia categorically demanded that Georgia withdraw its troops stationed in the region since the fall of the Armenian Republic.
Government and law The Act of Independence of Georgia declared on May 26 1918, in brief, outlined the main principles of the nation's future democracy. In accordance with it, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits, political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The first government formed the same day was led by Noe Ramishvili. In October 1918, the National Council of Georgia was renamed into Parliament which prepared new elections held on February 14 1919., the Menshevik leader and the second Head of the Government of the DRG
During its two-year history (1919–1921), the newly elected Constituent Assembly adopted 126 laws. Notably, the laws on citizenship, local elections, the country's defence, official language, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities (including an act about the People's Council of Abkhazia), a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc. On February 21, 1921, facing the onset of Soviet aggression, the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the first modern fundamental law in the nation's history.
Chairman of the Government was the chief executive post approved by the parliament for one-year terms of office (the post could not be held more than two times running). The chairman assigned ministers, and was responsible for governing the country and represented Georgia in foreign relations. The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile continued to be recognized by Europe as the only legal government of Georgia for some time.
Political geography
Georgia's 1918–1921 borders were formed through the border conflicts with its neighbours and ensuing treaties and conventions.
In the north, Georgia was bordered by various Russian Civil War polities until the Bolshevik power was established in North Caucasus in the spring of 1920. The international border between Soviet Russia and Georgia was regulated by the 1920 Moscow Treaty. During the Sochi conflict with the Russian White movement, Georgia briefly controlled the Sochi district (1918).
In the southwest, the DRG's border with Ottoman Empire changed with the course of the World War I and was modified after the Ottoman defeat in the hostilities. Georgia regained control over Artvin, Ardahan, part of Batum province, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki. Batum was finally incorporated into the republic after the British evacuated the area in 1920. The Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 granted Georgia control over eastern Lazistan including Rize and Hopa. However, the Georgian government, unwilling to be involved in a new war with Turkish Revolutionaries, did nothing to take control of these areas.
The border disputes with Democratic Republic of Armenia over a part of Borchalu district led to a brief war between the two countries in December 1918, see: Georgian-Armenian War 1918. With the British intervention the Lorri “neutral zone” was created only to be reoccupied by Georgia after the fall of the Armenian republic at the end of 1920.
In the southeast, Georgia was bordered by Azerbaijan which claimed the control of Zaqatala district. The dispute, however, never led to hostilities and the relations between the two countries were generally peaceful until the Sovietization of Azerbaijan.
The 1919 projects and 1921 constitution of Georgia granted Abkhazia, Ajaria and Zaqatala a degree of autonomy.
The Soviet occupation of the DRG led to significant territorial rearrangements by which Georgia lost almost 1/3 of its territories. Artvin, Ardahan and part of Batumi provinces were ceded to Turkey; Armenia gained control of Lorri, and Azerbaijan obtained Zaqatala district. A portion of the Georgian marches along the Greater Caucasus Mountains was taken by Russia.
Military
The People's Guard was the privileged military force in the country. Founded on September 5 1917 as the Worker's Guard it was later renamed into the Red Guard, and finally into the People's Guard. It was a highly politicized military structure placed directly under the control of the Parliament rather than the Ministry of War. Throughout its existence (1917–1921), the Guard was commanded by the Menshevik activist Valiko Jugheli.
The DRG formed also its own regular army. Only a part of them were armed in peacetime, the majority being on furlough and following their callings. If the Republic had been in danger, they would have been called up by the General Staff, supplied with arms, and allotted to their places. Although Georgia had almost 200,000 veterans of World War I with skilled generals and officers, the government failed to build up an effective defense system, a factor that greatly contributed to the fall of the first Georgian republic.
Economy Agriculture was a mainstay of the local economy of Georgia, a typical agrarian country with long wine-making traditions. Land reform well managed by the government contributed to a degree of stability in this field.
The manganese industry at Chiatura had very great importance in the field of European metallurgy, providing about 70% of the manganese supply of the world early in the 20th century. Traditionally, Georgia served also as an international transportation corridor through the key Black Sea ports of Batumi and Poti.
However, the lack of international recognition and the government's not completely successful policy in the field hindered the economic development of the DRG and the country suffered an economic crisis. Some signs of improvement were observed towards 1920–1921.
Education, science and culture
The most important event in the country's cultural life during this turbulent period was indeed the foundation of a national university in Tbilisi (now known as the Tbilisi State University) (1918), a long-time dream of Georgians thwarted by the Imperial Russian authorities for several decades. Other educational centers included gymnasium (school)s in Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi, Ozurgeti, Poti and Gori, Tbilisi Military School, Gori Pedagogical Seminary, the Pedagogical Seminary for Women, etc. Georgia had also a number of schools for ethnic minorities.
The National Museum of Georgia, theaters in Tbilisi and Kutaisi, Tbilisi National Opera House, the National Academy of Art were in the vanguard of cultural life.
The newspapers — Sakartvelos Respublika (“Republic of Georgia”), Sakartvelo (“Georgia”), Ertoba (“Unity”), Samshoblo (“Motherland”), Sakhalkho Sakme (“Public Affair”), The Georgian Messenger and The Georgian Mail (both published in English language) — led the national press.
Legacy The 1918–1921 independence of Georgia (country), though short-lived, was of particular importance for the development of national feeling among the Georgians, a major factor that made the country one of the most active independent forces within the Soviet Union. Leaders of the national movement of the late 1980s frequently referred to the DRG as a victory in the struggle against the Russian Empire and made parallels with the contemporary political situation creating somewhat an idealized image of the Georgian First Republic.
On April 9 1991 the independence of Georgia (country) was restored when the Act of the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. The national symbols used by the DRG were reestablished as those of the newly independent nation and were in use until 2004. May 26, the day of the establishment of the DRG, is still celebrated as a Public holidays in Georgia — the Independence Day of Georgia.
References
- "Legal Acts of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)", Tbilisi, 1990 (in Georgian)
- I. Tseretelli, "Separation de la Transcaucasie et de la Russie et Independence de la Georgie", Paris, Imprimerie Chaix, 1919 (in French)
- P. Surguladze, "The international importance of the independence of Georgia", Istanbul, 1918 (in Georgian)
- P. Surguladze, "Georgia as the independent country", Istanbul, 1918 (in Georgian)
- D. Ghambashidze, "Mineral resources of Georgia and Caucasia. Manganese industry of Georgia", London, 1919
- K. Salia, "The History of Georgian Nation", Paris, 1983
- Al. Manvelichvili, "Histoire de la Georgie", Paris, 1951 (in French)
- Z. Avalishvili, "The Independence of Georgia in the International Politics of 1918-1921", Paris, 1923 (in Russian)
- Karl Kautsky: Georgien. Eine sozialdemokratische Bauernrepublik. Eindrücke und Beobachtungen. Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Wien 1921
- K. Kandelaki, "The Georgian Question Before the Free World", Paris, 1951
- G. Kvinitadze, "My answer", Paris, 1954 (in Georgian)
- Jan V. Nanuashvili, "What everyone in the Free World should know about Russia", Vantage Press, New York - Washington - Hollywood, 1973
- V. Tevzadze, "The memoirs of the Georgian Officer". J. "Iveria", No 32, Paris, 1988 (in Georgian)
- N. Matikashvili, M. Kvaliashvili, "Cadets". J. "Iveria", No 32, Paris, 1988 (in Georgian)
- O. Janelidze, "From May 26 to February 25", Tbilisi, 1990 (in Georgian)
- G. Mazniashvili, "The Memoirs", Batumi, 1990 (in Georgian)
- L. Urushadze, "Bolshevism-Menshevism and the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)", 2nd edition, Publishing House "Ena da Kultura", Tbilisi, 2005, ISBN 99940-23-56-X (in Georgian, English summary)
- R. Tsukhishvili, "The English-Georgian Relations (1918–1921)", Tbilisi, 1995 (in Georgian, English summary)
See also
- History of Georgia (country)
- List of Georgian people associated with the Democratic Republic of Georgia
- Democratic Republic of Armenia
- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
- Aftermath of World War I
- August Uprising
External links
- 70 years of Soviet Georgia by George Tarkhan-Mouravi
- The Awakening of Georgia by David Schaich
- Some national and ethnic problems in Georgia (1918–1922) by Avtandil Menteshashvili
- Map of 1918–1921 at Armenica.org
- Territorial rearrangements in Caucasus, 1920–1921
- Kartuli Idea — The Georgian Idea by Dr. Levan Urushadze, 2005, ISBN 99940-0-490-5
- "Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) by Dr. Levan Z. Urushadze, 2005, ISBN 99940-0-539-1
- Georgia by Karl Kautsky, an anti-Bolshevik pamphlet
- Between Red and White by Leon Trotsky, a pamphlet about Georgia
Kissinger Says Clinton Would Be Outstanding at State (Update2) - Bloomberg
<br>New York Daily News<br>Kissinger Says Clinton Would Be Outstanding at State (Update2)<br>Bloomberg - Nov 16, 2008<br>Clinton, who lost to Obama for the <b>Democratic</b> presidential nomination, flew to Chicago on Nov. 13, where the two met. The meeting probably wouldn't have <b>...</b><br>Video: Obama, McCain To Meet CBS<br>Kissinger Says Clinton Would Be Outstanding at State (Update3) Bloomberg<br>all 2,670 news articles
Gates criticizes Russia president's missile remarks - Los Angeles Times
<br>Calgary Herald<br>Gates criticizes Russia president's missile remarks<br>Los Angeles Times, CA - Nov 14, 2008<br>The Western defense ministers gathered in Tallinn to discuss the membership bid of Ukraine and another former Soviet <b>republic</b>, <b>Georgia</b>. <b>...</b><br>Video: Moscows alleged NATO spy exposed RussiaToday<br>Gates Criticizes Russian President’s Post-Election Speech New York Times<br>NATO Presses Ukraine On Membership Bid But Splits Remain EasyBourse.com<br>PRESS TV - Faxts Newsall 643 news articles
New GOP is needed - Arizona Republic
<br>New GOP is needed<br>Arizona Republic, AZ - Nov 15, 2008<br>If Democrats win the three still-unresolved Senate contests in Minnesota, <b>Georgia</b> and Alaska, they will effectively control a filibuster-proof Senate. <b>...</b>
Obama's Essential Reading - ZNet
<br>ZNet<br>Obama's Essential Reading<br>ZNet, MA - Nov 15, 2008<br>The showdown in August 2008 between Russia and the pro-US government of the former Soviet <b>republic of Georgia</b> represented the most serious crisis between <b>...</b>
The entry titled "Obama spokeswoman: Nunn an advisor, but not a ... - Atlanta Journal Constitution
<br>The entry titled "Obama spokeswoman: Nunn an advisor, but not a <b>...</b><br>Atlanta Journal Constitution, USA - Nov 12, 2008<br>Get the latest news, opinions and blogs on politics and the election from across the state on the <b>Georgia</b> Politics page. Have a news tip? <b>...</b>
An end to the Russian chill - Mail & Guardian Online
<br>An end to the Russian chill<br>Mail & Guardian Online, South Africa - Nov 16, 2008<br>They overlooked the fact that Russia was responding after <b>Georgia</b>, with the backing of some elements in the Bush administration, had attacked people in the <b>...</b>
Democrats Target McCain In Arizona - CBS News
<br>BBC News<br>Democrats Target McCain In Arizona<br>CBS News, NY - Oct 30, 2008<br>“The Arizona <b>Republic</b> is now reporting that a series of new polls show us ‘neck and neck’ with John McCain in Arizona,” the e-mail says. <b>...</b><br>Video: Obama's Final Push CBS<br>Obama airs Ariz. ads; McCain focuses on Ohio Arizona Republic<br>all 702 news articles
Campus voters don't see the point in voting for third party candidates - SJU The Hawk (subscription)
<br>Windsor Star<br>Campus voters don't see the point in voting for third party candidates<br>SJU The Hawk (subscription), PA - Nov 11, 2008<br>4, The Libertarian Party, the nation's third largest national party, ran former Republican congressman from <b>Georgia</b>, Bob Barr. Barr's name may be familiar <b>...</b><br>A New Political Party Is Needed American Chronicle<br>United We Stand OpEdNews<br>Minnesota needs to adopt a majority-vote requirement MinnPost.com<br>all 1,908 news articles
Time for change's Journal - Democratic Underground
<br>Time for change's Journal<br>Democratic Underground, DC - Nov 16, 2008<br>In the first place, I explained, African-Americans in recent decades always vote overwhelmingly for the <b>Democratic</b> candidate for President (although not <b>...</b>
EU set to follow US lead in talks with Russia, says Martin - Irish Times
<br>EU set to follow US lead in talks with Russia, says Martin<br>Irish Times, Ireland - Nov 10, 2008<br>Meanwhile, Minister for Defence Willie O'Dea said the EU was divided on the deployment of a mission to the <b>Democratic Republic</b> of Congo to defuse escalating <b>...</b><br>Is a "Resurgent" Russia a Threat to the United States? American Chronicle<br>EU Ministers to Debate Relations with Russia, Bosnia STA - Slovenska Tiskovna Agencija<br>EU eyes restart of talks on Russia partnership pact Reuters South Africa<br>all 442 news articles
